Retrofitting

Retrofitting in simple words suggests that modification of existing plants to upgrade or to comply new norms or the latest technology. But there are some important considerations that merit keeping in mind so that the upgrades and/or expansions are cost-effective, utilize minimum resources, and are energy- neutral to the extent possible. The need for upgrades and expansions generally arises for two reasons:

• The effluent requirements have changed since the plant was first built: these have become more stringent
• The service area of the plant has grown with associated population increase

Up-gradation

Upgrading is the process of replacing a product with a newer version of the same product otherwise providing or adding new features to the old version. Nowadays up-gradation has become most common because of some following reasons:

• To support industry regulatory requirements.
• To access emerging technologies with new features, and tools.
• To continue to receive comprehensive product support.
• To meet the demands of changing markets.

Prefabrication Plants

Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located. The term is used to distinguish this process from the more conventional construction practice of transporting the basic materials to the construction site where all assembly is carried out.